Global Trade And The Opec Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Global Trade And The Opec - Essay causeWorld spare aptitude fell below 1.5 mbd - the biggest since 1976.Looking ahead, crude oil lead probably stay as a primary source of energy in and beyond the following three decades necessitating large upfront investments. Likewise, traditional non-OPEC production is evaluate to reach its zenith in 2010 due to depletion of legitimate fields and net declines in proven reserves. As such, a substantial quantity of the incremental capacity will keep to come from OPEC which today controls around 80% of proven oil reserves.OPEC stands for Organization of the vegetable oil Exporting Countries, a stable inter-governmental association composed presently of eleven oil generating and exporting nations from crosswise three continents (America, Asia and Africa). The member countries are Algeria, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, the Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates & Vene zuela. These nations have an aggregate population of about 545 million and oil is the most important commodity and foreign replace earner. Therefore, for these countries, oil is the chief element for development - social, political and economic. The income derived from oil is used not only to deal out and inflate their economic and industrial base, it is also utilized to provide their people with jobs, education, health anguish and a decent standard of living. Primary objectives of the organization include* the synchronization and bringing together of petroleum policies of member countries and ascertaining the most logical means for protecting their individual and collective interests*the search for judicious methods to tackle the stabilization of prices in global oil markets with the view to reduce and eventually do away with annihilative and unnecessary fluctuations and *the need to give an efficient economic and consistent supply of petroleum to consuming countries and a rea sonable return of investment to those infusing capital in the petroleum industry.OPEC sets oil production quotas. For one, its Statute requires that it pursues stableness and harmony in the petroleum market for the benefit of oil producers and consumers. In receipt to this, member countries look at action on market fundamentals and forecast developments by organizing well and managing prudently their petroleum policies. one(a) simple and probable response is production regulation. If demand increases, or some producers are producing less than what it is expected of them, OPEC can increase its oil production so as to prevent a drastic sort/rise in prices. OPEC can also slow down on its production in response to market conditions. Does OPEC control the oil market or does it have the capacity to control the market and cultivate oil prices Member countries produce about 43% of the worlds crude oil and 18% of its natural gas. However, in addition to that, OPECs oil exports also repr esent about 51% of the crude oil traded worldwide. Hence, OPEC has a untroubled influence on the oil market, especially if it decides to reduce or increase its level of production. Crude anoint and Gasoline PricesSeveral significant components trigger and eventually cause the retail price of gasoline to channelise over different periods of time. First, price of gasoline strongly

The Impact of Price Changes on the Brand Equity of Toyota in Saudi Essay

The Impact of Price Changes on the dent Equity of Toyota in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example.............................................................................................................. 5 Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 6 1. base ............................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Background of the look for Problem ........................................................... 9 1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................ 11 1.3 Aims or take of this Study....................................................................... 12 1.4 query Objectives ....................................................................................... 12 1.5 Research Questions ................................................................................ ........ 13 1.6 Significance of the Study ............................................................................... 13 1.7 Rationale for Choosing the Research Topic.................................................. 13 1.8 Research Procedure ...................................................................................... ... ............................ 19 2.1 abstract Framework and Research Hypothesis ........................................ 20 2.1.1 Conceptual Framework .................................................................. 20 2.1.2 Research Hypothesis for Further Verification ............................... 22 2.2 Importance of Establishing Strong speck Equity ..... 26 2.2.1 Brand Loyalty ................................................................................ 29 2.2.2 Brand Awareness ............................................................................ 34 2.2.3 Brand joining ................................................................ ........... 36 2.2.4 Perceived Brand Quality ................................................................. 39 2.3 Importance of Effective Pricing Strategy ...................................................... 41 2.4 Significance of Pricing over the Development of Brand Equity ...... 46 2.5 Significance of Price Changes on Consumer Behavior ............................... 49 2.6 Chapter Summary ....................................................................................... 53 3. Research Methodology ............................................................................................. 56 3.1 Research Hypothesis ..................................................................................... 3.2 Research Survey Questionnaire Design........................................................ 3.3 Target Population, Sample Size and Research Venue .................................. 3.4 Research Ethics ................................................................... .......................... 4. Research Findings and epitome

Same Sex Marriages Should Be Legalized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

said(prenominal) waken Marriages Should Be Legalized - Essay ExampleThis paper testament argue for the legalisation of same finish marriages. Same Sex Marriages Should Be Legalized Every psyche has a right to pursue happiness and therefore, no person or institution should attempt to deny this right (Sullivan 22). Marriage is a union, which is founded on love, respect, satisfaction, responsibility among early(a) virtues, which guarantee happiness to those who atomic number 18 int removeing to marry. Different individuals have different needs, which they expect to be fulfilled through with(predicate) marriage and therefore, it is the right of every individual to choose whom they want to marry or get unite to. It is therefore wrong and misplaced for any democratic society to try and influence its members to adopt a lifestyle, which they are not comfortable with. As long as the couples are adults and have consented to establish a same sex relationship, the government has a resp onsibility to grant them all the necessary support so as to facilitate them with an avenue to pursue their happiness. Continuing to illegalize comical marriages will not switch over these peoples sexual orientation but it will continue to promote the existence of straight marriages that are only there for convenience purposes. In this context, knowing that the society is against same sex marriages, gay men and women will try to cover up their shortcomings by entering into heterosexual unions, which may end up contributing to the ever rising cases of divorce and disintegration of families. This is due to the fact that it would be challenging to satisfy their sexual and emotional needs, thereby compelling them to engage in adulterous activities with their same sex counterparts (Sullivan 41). Religion has played a major part in the prohibition of same sex marriages. The church, for example, has continue to maintain that marriage is a holy institution that involves the unification o f heterosexual couples only (Rauch 52). This conservativeness of the church is counterproductive specially in the contemporary world, which is facing new challenges on daily basis due to the ever evolving needs of human beings. It is important to understand that we are living in a society that is total of diversity and therefore, not every person agrees with this perception. The church has a right to exercise its discretion slice presiding over religious marriages but it does not have the right to dictate how the government should apply layman laws with regard to marriage. There is a clear distinction between the defer and the religious organizations. While the state has the overall responsibility of ensuring that every citizen is protected and respected, religious organizations responsibility is to provide guidance and to preach the religious doctrine to their followers so they can achieve spiritual nourishment. Therefore, it is important for the government to listen to the pe ople demanding for the legalization of same sex marriages, instead of the church, as they are the ones, who understand their needs. Legalization of same sex marriages will facilitate the couples with an avenue for child adoption (Rauch 66). It is a fact that gay couples cannot produce children. However, there are numerous children, who are living in children homes without a guaranteed future or a family to depend on. This is especially due to the fact that such children are only taken care of as long as they are below 18 years

Greenhouse effect and global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

glasshouse effect and orbiculate heating plant - Essay ExampleAs many establishments for instance are essay to produce offerings, more greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane are directly emitted into the atmosphere. The rising number of vehicles due(p) to industrialization has even led to the increase of greenhouse gases. For this reason, Al Gore and other global warming alarmists try to inform the public the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and other related greenhouse gases. These created miscellaneous responses especially among global warming skeptics and realists. For the realists, scientific proofs are necessary so they cited important findings that could prove global warming as a natural environmental cycle occurring regularly over the earths entire existence (Taylor). Showcasing major findings of researches and even natural reflectivitys lead to the conclusion among global warming alarmists that homo have contributed enough for the recent clime change . The increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere traps heat postcode causing earth to warm. As a result, climate change is imminent, and even from a simple observation everyone could agree with the prevailing environmental changes taking place everywhere. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) believes that climate change is indeed taking place and humans have become responsible for it (Environmental Protection Agency). lessening of greenhouse gas emission is what EPA believes to be one important solution in order to speech environmental problems associated with climate change.

Report of the essay study based on the Case study

Report of the study based on the Case study - Essay ExampleThis breed assesses the marketing issues to be considered in this case scenario and provides recommendations on the outline that is likely to be most rough-and-ready in the Companys present circumstances.The most distinctive opportunity that the Company has is perfecting the new flavours of angiotensin-converting enzyme malts that it could develop, thanks to its distiller, Ellis Cameron. It also has the opportunity to use its talented salespeople such as the apprentice distiller at the untried York marketing event, who could be putting their skills of discerning the subtleties in taste and flavour to good use in maintaining the high quality of Gleanmeadie whisky. The threats the Company is set about with arise from the competition, where other single malt companies may research to develop distinctive chumps of whisky and attract the discerning customer that Glenmeadie may not be fit to satisfy if innovation and devel opment of new flavours is not adequately funded.The essential dilemma that the Company is faced with in determining its strategic initiatives is the question of whether (a) the high expense customer centred marketing approach is confirm and must be continued or (b) whether the Company needs to pay greater attention to investments in long term strategic initiatives.(c) to what extent innovation and customer research must form a part of company strategy and (d) how the Gleanmeadie brand is to be promoted.The experts who have offered views on Glenmeadies present strategy and what future course of action it should pursue, display a wide range of differing options. David Herman suggests that there should be a careful balance between front end initiatives and product development, by developing the single bbl bottling which would command higher profit margins and provide consumers with more individual choices. He emphasizes that Glenmeadies core brand must remain strong. Jeffrey Rayport suggests that the success of the front end initiatives have not necessarily

Emotions Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emotions - Personal Statement ExampleThe incidence is when I was attending a school annual function. I very wanted to have a nice view of the total programme. I was in the audience, sitting in the first row with a relaxed temperament. I am a down- to - earth person I enjoy dances and songs but never wanted to be a calve of the show. Things were going smooth and I was totally involved in the function. I was applauding my friends, cheering them for their actions, encouraging them for their performance. It was really a fun and frolic time for me and I became the part of the function.The emotional turmoil came when I was asked by the master of the festival to be present on the constitute. I got the shock of my life. I was in a real fix, freeze as ice and was spell bound. Could not understand anything but heard my sum of money beats and could feel the blood gushing into my body with a much faster pace. I could not make a single move. It was like the whole world is spinning around me and everybody is giving me a fleeting lookI gathered all my lost courage and started a move to the stage with an emotional pressure that was pushing and at the same time pulling me. A battle was going on inside me, what to do What should I say How it happened Why me only Cursing myself why I was making so much fuss, praying to God Uttering.. Please help me God.

Emerging New HR Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Emerging New HR Concepts - Essay ExampleThe mental synthesis of an pains has a major role in defining a comp alls competitive advantage in this global scenario. An industry is conceived as a group of companies that market products which substitute each other. The structure of an industry has a direct relation to its profitability. Service industry can be considered as a standard example in this regard. In the post liberalization and globalization era, the concept of outsourcing has gained more attention. Cost is compete a major role deciding the competitive advantage of an organization. Companies ar thinking of different options to flash back represent and increase its competitiveness. Outsourcing of production and service has been considered as an effective way to reduce competitiveness. Companies in the westbound world have been outsourcing jobs and production facilities from their land to low cost areas such as India, Brazil, China and vitamin E Asian countries.With the i ndustrialization process of the 20th century, salary levels and chief city cost of Western countries had shoot up substantially and this had been eating up a major pie from companies profit. There was no sign of reduction of cost and salaries. This has compelled corporates to think of other options. During 1980s companies had find East Asian and Latin American countries as a skinny destination for moving production and services. While companies in Western countries have good technology, better expertise, capital strength and understanding of the market, these countries provide low cost land, human resource and raw materials. Synergising both these strengths has minded(p) companies more competitive advantage in their domestic market. Their production cost has come down sagaciously with this move. It is considered that high skilled aim, highly professional charge team, low cost work environment, best management and HR readings, innovation, understanding of the industry and secur ity measures are the major strengths of the organization in the globalised world. Most of these strengths are adopted by companies do to the particular character of the outsourcing industry. In the early 1990s the industrial scenario in underdeveloped countries was quite different from that of western countries. Here companies were least bothered of good corporate governance practices, HR management, cost, profitability, security and customer satisfaction. The state protective measures made the industry inefficient. Companies got huge subsidies for every thing and any thing. But with the entry of multi national companies to these markets, situation has changed drastically and a new corporate governance practice has been established.In the labour relation also there has been a paradigm shift in the previous(prenominal) one and half decade. Technology has played a major role in changing labour outlook and mindset. Also the process of Globalisation, Liberalisation and Privatisation h as played a major role in redefining the information on labor. Today corporates and industry are keener on optimum use of labor and they are ever thinking of new ways to improve efficiency and output. The increasing global competition has demanded new preliminary to the labor. There has been an increasing demand for skilled labor forces. The skill level of the workforce in underdeveloped countries was a major challenge for companies moving from western market to emerging

Pharmacology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

pharmacological medicine - Essay ExampleTo prevent exercise-induced angina and other precipitation-related conditions, at least one metered dose should be sprayed beneath the tongue shortly before the event. The highest number of Nitrolingual Pumpspray doses administered per day should be determined considering the full checkup history of the persevering, the angina severity, and any concurrent medication (Coyne 2008 p34). 2. The patient is complaining of discomfort and pain, which are anginas main symptoms. It includes squeezing, pressure level, tightness and burning in the chest, with the discomfort and pains starting from behind the breastbone. The patient is also complaining of nausea, shortness of breath, as well as a pale and cold skin, each which point to angina. The shortness of breath is common with elderly patients of angina, and the pain may make the patient tincture as if he is suffering from indigestion or an uncomfortable feeling in the stomach. The blood pressure is also a factor to consider, as the patient was recorded to have 148mmHg, which is way above the recommended 100mmHg for a normal person. Additionally, the patients last oral intake was tea and biscuits, which indicates that within the previous 24 hours he did not consume sildenafil (Neal 2012 p34). Question 2 1. The main glyceryl trinitrates pharmacological follow up is that it relaxes vascular smooth muscle, and then vasodilates skirting(prenominal) arteries and veins, with veins vasodilating more than arteries. Post-capillary vessels dilation that also includes large veins promotes blood peripheral flooding and reduces preload. A relaxation in the arteries significantly decreases afterload (arterial pressure and systematic vascular resistance). The reduced systolic wall tension and less ventricular radius reduce the oxygen requirements and the myocardial energy. This decrease in the filling pressures of the heart enhances subendocardial wall layer perfusion that ischemia thre atens. Glyceryl trinitrates therapeutic doses may decrease diastolic, systolic and average blood pressure in the arteries. This helps in maintaining coronary perfusion pressure. However, should blood pressure reduce, or an accession in the heart rate lowers the diastolic filling time, it can be highly compromised (Coyne 2008 p34). 2. GNT is a prodrug that should be denitrated first so that it can produce NO (the metabolite nitric oxide that is active). Nitro vasodilators are nitrates that undergo denitration to produce NO in the body. NO being a potent activator of GC (Guannyl Cylase) with the help of mechanisms that are heme-dependent, its activation results in the formation of cGMP from cGTP (cyclic guanosine triphosphate) (Bersten 2009 p938). 3. When glyceryl trinitrate is administered sublingually, it is absorbed rapidly from the mouths mucosa and bypasses the liver to reach the vascular system. It is metabolized in the liver and other cells such as erythrocytes with cleavage o f several nitrate groups. Numerous inter-individual as well as intra-individual variations can be seen after the sublingual administration, for the plasma concentration. Glyceryl trinitrate, together with its metabolites, is eliminated principally, with less than 1% excreted with no change (Broyles, Reiss & Evans 2012 p.437). 4. The application of glyceryl trinitrate in any form during acute myocardial infarctions early days requires attention to be particularly paid to clinical status and

Supply Chain and Logistics in Fedex Research Paper

bestow Chain and Logistics in Fedex - Research Paper Exampleexaltation business, however, is a field of shift competition. The various means of shipment and the complexities involved in the r step to the foreine argon highly challenging. It is further intricate, as the pricing strategy involves companies that guide price in one variation of shipment such as ground and pursue in another form of shipment for typeface international delivery. This study comprises different sections such as introduction, distribution system in FedEx, their strategies, process of time, cost, flexibleness and quality assurance. The present process structure in terms of inventory, information, transportation, and Location, current structure, problems and weaknesses in the current process and how the method should be restructured to enlarge these capabilities etc have also been evaluated in the papers. Lastly it analyzes the implementation of the changes with company. Introduction Supply Chain Management (SCM) entails a combination of processes, right from the arrival of new(a) materials at the even up unit of measurement and ends when the finished commodities reach the hands of the users. FedEx is a fork up chain counsel company that offers fastest courier services all over the world on a day-by-day basis. FedEx Corporation (FedEx), incorporated on October 2, 1997, is a holding company. The Company provides a portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services below the FedEx brand. The Company operates in quartette segments FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight and FedEx Services (FedEx Corp (FDX.N), n.d., para. 1). Logistic Management (LM) is the one of the main functions indoors SCM, which assists to arrange, carry out and coordinate forward and reverse run, storage space for goods, service and associated data from the pop to the end point. The destiny for... The intention of this study is Supply Chain Management (SCM). It entails a combination of proces ses, right from the arrival of raw materials at the manufacture unit and ends when the finished commodities reach the hands of the users. FedEx is a supply chain management company that offers fastest courier services all over the world on a daily basis. FedEx Corporation (FedEx), incorporated on October 2, 1997, is a holding company. The Company provides a portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services under the FedEx brand. The Company operates in four segments FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight and FedEx Services. Logistic Management (LM) is the one of the main functions within SCM, which assists to arrange, carry out and coordinate forward and reverse run, storage space for goods, service and associated data from the start to the end point. The necessity for qualified SCM practitioners is increasing in all areas of trade and commerce, consisting of producing commodities and service segments. SCM includes everything from the primary head to the end stage. Various elements involved in a supply chain processes are customers, planning, purchasing, transportation, inventory and manufacture departments etc within an organization. Supply chain should be planned, appropriately equipped and operated to be efficient. A perfect supply chain requires the exercise of systematic and scientific utilization of resources. Supply chain management is the dynamic surveillance of the supply chain actions with a view to extract full advantage of resources, achieving of the consumer standards and accomplishing competitive benefits.

Consumer Health Informatics and Privacy Research Paper - 1

Consumer Health Informatics and Privacy - research Paper Exampleer increasing demands at the healthc atomic number 18 delivery systems, expectations of the beneficiaries), in order to break efficiency of clinicians and enhance quality of life of the populace on the planet. It is worth mentioning that there are legion(predicate) applications of Information Technology in healthcare and each of them is aimed at empowering all or at least one of the following stakeholders healthcare delivery systems, clinicians and the patients alike. This research throws light two key issues those have been represent challenges for Consumer Health Informatics one of the applications of information technology in healthcare. The research also lists the steps interpreted to address the challenges being faced by consumer health informatics.Consumer health informatics has been defined as (Eysenbach, 2000) the branch of medical informatics that analyses consumers needs for information studies and impleme nts methods of making information accessible to consumers and representatives and integrates consumers preferences into medical information systems. The worldly concern of consumer health informatics is majorly centered around the oecumenical information and advice from clinicians and other paramedical personnel, and this advice pertains to subjects like nutirition, general wellness, disease management, smoking etc. Users of consumer health informatics are not only those who are torture from various ailments but even those who have been treated and are willing to share their experiences through bare boards, discussion forums and modalities of instant messaging, this kind of information sharing forms a two way communication model as this could take place when the users exchange information with the healthcare service providers and other users (Kieschnick, Adler, & Jimison, 1996). Social networking tools and modalities are helping the users of consumer health informatics to share information.IT researchers and practitioners have claimed that on one side IT applications

Case project Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project - Case Study ExampleBasically, Enron familiarity was established in 1985 and it dealt with issues related to energy. The executives practised off-book accounts which negatively impacted on the operations of the fundamental law. The executives of the company capitalised on the use of loopholes in the accounting system as well as poor financial reporting Hanson (1). Debts amounting to billions of dollars in projects and deals which did not succeed were hidden in the process. The company misrepresented its financial statements in put up to portray a positive picture to the shareholders about its performance. Interestingly, the company sought to appeal to investors through falsehoods. In actual case, this was not the situation obtaining on the ground given that it hid its financial statements from public scrutiny. Such confide was blessed by the Chief Financial Officer, Andrew Fastow and other executives.The system adopted by the organisation in its operations contributed to a malfunction of the corporate culture. Emphasis was shifted to short term earnings which resulted in hurtful accounting practices. This came to light when the company refused to be censured about its performance by its unwillingness to reveal its ratio sheet as well as other financial records. This practice is mainly viewed as wrong in business. The concept of ethics plays a significant role in shaping the operations of an organisation in different situations. Basically, business ethics refers to the values, principles and standards that operate within business and these attempt to make a distinction between something that is morally good from bad (Rossouw, 6). The value system of an organisation mainly shapes its good code of conduct. Thus, Desjardins (5), describes values as essential and enduring tenets that help define the company and are not to be compromised for financial gain or short term expediency, (DesJardins 20065). The opposite is exactly

Problem Solving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Problem Solving - Essay warningTwo rooms needed painting I had problems with the kitchen plumbing and had electrical issues with the lighting in twain rooms. A contractor came by and gave me an estimated of $3000 for all three jobs. I needed to find some ideas. A way to save money was to paint the rooms myself with the help of some of my friends. I could look in the yellow pages for the names of some handymen that might give me a lower estimate for the two rest jobs. In order to raise money to pay the contractor or the handyman I could put up a garage sale. I talked to three handymen and one of them gave me an estimate of $1,150. I decided on a date for the garage sale. I raised $650 in the garage sale. I spend $400 on the paint and paint tools. I call my three friends and separated two weekends to paint the rooms. I took place $500 from my savings account. I called the handyman and set a date for the repair work. Instead of $3000 I ended up spending $900 out of pocket expenses and the $650 from the garage sale. References Mindtools.com (2011). The Simplex Process. Retrieved April 29, 2011 from http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newCT_10.htm

Artists and Repertoire (A+R) in the Music Industry Essay

Artists and Repertoire (A+R) in the euphony Industry - Essay Example2006). The A&R is the department of a eternalize label that undertakes genius scouting and manages the contributemanic development of put down artists. In essence, it acts as the link between the artists and the record label. Therefore, the A&R department plays a major role in discovering new recording artists and recruiting them to the company, through spirit of the current market preferences and tastes, and selecting the artists who will be commercially successful. For A+R lag to carryout the task of recruiting commercially viable new artists, they should first understand the specific ways in which medicineal production is shape by a particular genre of cultures and the broader historical and social context within which the production takes adjust (Negus, 1999, P.13). Generally, in the medication manufacturing, the A&R staffs are seen as mediators or intermediaries. According to Negus, Music industry pe rsonnel act as mediators, continually connecting artists and audiences the medical specialty business staff works as intermediaries, non only during the most obvious marketing and during promotion activities, but also when introducing the idea of an imagined audience into the writing, producing and recording of songs in the studio, stressing that they are engaged in presentation and representation providing symbolic goods and services (Negus, 1999, P.18). More so, away from singing bands to record labels, the A&R staff is mostly obsessed with music and is in notion with particular music scenes, is very influential, and is widely viewed as important ingredient to a successful record label (Carter, Clegg, Kornberger, & Schweitzer, 2011, P.389). The A&R staffs are the key for the established corporate label in creating music scenes (informal assemblages) which become imbedded in the music industry mostly for promotional purposes (Bennett & Peterson, 2004, P.4). The roles of A&R st aff spay depending on the designation, ranging from artist manager, music lawyer, music accountant, booking agent, music merchandiser, promoter, venue booker and other titles depending on the label. Mostly, the A&R staffs are recruited based on their skills rather than on formal qualifications, with experience and backgrounds such(prenominal) as artist management, production, and DJing being an added advantage (Hannan, 2003, P.158). Another major duty of A&R staff is to help the artist locate the suitable producer, prepare recording schedule in the recording studio and offer advice to the artist on the best ways to improve the quality of their recording. They are therefore tortuous in helping an artist choose the best songs to record, and are very vital in purpose songs and songwriters. Additionally, most of A&R staffs are expected to be talented in arts and music in order to accomplish varied roles involved in this field. For example, take the famous artist, composer, producer, and music reviewer, Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno, who began exploiting his life story early in life through composing music, performance reviews, reviews of published music, and was an advocate of the avant-garde music (Adorno, Leppert, & Gillespie, 2002, P.14). Lastly, the A&R will involve liaising with other department such marketing in assisting the artist to market the released record. To sum the work of A&R staff the appreciation of the artists work must be spread from the record company to radio programmer, and

Current Environmental Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

period Environmental Issue - Essay ExampleThis implies that this is anthropogenic climate, and the noteworthy upsurges in the air of these powerful greenhouse gases are as a result of human practices. The most forces of the conservatory gases are carbon dioxide, methane as well as nitrous oxide. These gases accumulate in the atmosphere, resulting into concentrations to escalation with time. Significant increases in all these gases have happened in the industrialized period. Accordingly, all these increases are attributed to human practices. For instance, carbon dioxide has amplified from fossil fuel usage in transport, plait heating and cooling, as well as the production of cement and other products. Deforestation discharges carbon dioxide and lessens its using up by vegetation. On the other hand, methane has amplified because of human practices associated with agriculture, natural gas circulation and landfills. It is discharged from natural processes that take mail service in swamplands. Nitrous oxide is also produced by human practices including the use of manures and the fossil fuels burning. Natural processes in soils and the oceans also discharge nitrous oxide into the atmosphere thus interfering with the climate form, which leads to global warming and its consequences. ... They comprise of both(prenominal) natural influence and human influences. For instance, burning of biomass and use of fossil fuels involving sulphur compounds as well as black carbon among others are all human activities that lead to aerosol formation. Furthermore, human practices such as mining and industrial activities have increased dust in the atmosphere. Therefore, anthropogenic climate change is greatly because of human events on earth. According to studies, the universe has a natural greenhouse effect where particular gases referred to as greenhouse gases in the troposphere permit the sunshine to enter but absorb the heat radioactivity. Because these gases absorb the hea t, they reserve the average surface temperature on the universe. Therefore, without the ordinary greenhouse effect, the universes average surface temperature would be negative nineteen degrees Celsius. Human practices have augmented the amount if greenhouse gases on earth since the outset of the industrial uprising. The increased amount of gases that take in heat has directly caused more heat world reserved in the atmosphere and thus intensification in universal average surface temperatures. This transformation in temperature is referred to as global warming. The increase in temperature is also resulting into other impacts on the climate system. Therefore, all these affects linked together are referred to as anthropogenic meaning human cause climate change. Climate change fits within the definition of the concept of anthropogenic change because the effects that are encountered from climate change are because of human caused activities. For instance, the increase in human populati on led to the

Essay about a Poem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

About a Poem - Essay good exampleemplation as young, Black student in the midst of a relatively Caucasian educational governing body and the contention of the equality between him and his professor.The persona of the poem speaks of how he perceives himself as the same as of each other individual his age or otherwise. He starts with the fact of his cognizance of his aesthetic difference and how he is a partly from all the others around him, being the only Black student in his class. It paints of the picture of the shoal and its close proximity but otherwise vague disconnect with Harlem. But with the colleges discord amplifying his intimacy with the place and how it represents him, and how he must represent it.It ropes in the simple intricacies that add up and defines us as who we be as human beings. Mundane things the poetic persona expresses like to eat, sleep, drink, and be in have intercourse How these are the same for him as it is for all the others around him, including hi s professor, this in his mind makes all of them equal, regardless of the distort of their skin.The perception of the polar opposition between the white paper and the black ink gives much of the smart detail that makes the poem as refine in the rendering of the underlying tone that it extends. He is what and who he is, and being so, the negation of what his paper will not be leads to his realization of what it is. In the course of his reflection he discerned the reality of being. The veritable connections that make the student and the professor equal, that constitutes why they are one and the same. And that is the fact that they are both Americans.Known for his political dynamism through his literary works, Hughes wrote the poem during a time when American history was at the threshold of a landmark revolution that ultimately led to the realization of the accomplished Rights Movement. A developmental change that he has in many ways has become an integral part of. His works include contentious political tones that articulate race

The Historical Evolution of Town and Country Planning in Australia and Internationally Essay Example for Free

The Historical Evolution of Town and Country readiness in Australia and Internationally EssayDespite the profession of supplying being a relatively invigorated-fashioned creation, formulation has existed in some family since the beginning of human settlement itself. Whether it is the ancient cities of the Old conception or the global metropolises of today, every urban environments display some degree of planning in their origination and function (Smith, 2007). However, just as cities have evolved over time, so to have the approaches taken to planning and the philosophies rotter them. This development of Town and Country Planning forms a long and complex history which encompasses a massive breadth of inclinations. Reflecting upon this history, sev agel reveal movements can be identified The origins of Planning in the 19th century, the Modernist era of the early 20th century and the Postmodernist era that followed. This paper will nidus on these key movements. Histori cal Planning During the 19th century, cities were subject to increasing industrialization accompanied by rapid community growth and urban expansion. This lead to overcrowding, congestion, slums and lack of sanitation (Hall 1992).Growing exoteric protest in the form of protests and labour strikes in countries like Britain led to the implementation of various reform measures such as the populace Health Act of 1848 and the Labouring Classes Dwellings Houses Act of 1866. These went some way to relieving these pressures (Maginn 2011) by setting minimal standards for wellness and housing, resulting in for increased living standards by the centurys end. During this time, planning was used mostly by private companies as a tool to increase productivity by improving the health of the working population (Cowan 2010).The higher living standards and economic prosperity this created lead to planning ism ever-changing its focus from providing housing and improving cities to beautifying them ( Bluestone M, 1988). This City Beautiful movement focused on civic beautification and the construction of monuments. The term beautility was used to describe the theory that a beautiful city must also be utilitarian one. (Freestone et al 2000) However, these changes led some to question if further improvements could be do.By the end of the 19th century, canonical ideas about urban planning were well developed. These ideas had underlying utopian aspirations that influenced the attitudes and procedures planners (Akoi, K 1993). The Garden City is perchance the best example of this, as an optimistic attempt to unite broad utopian ideals with the planning lessons of the bypast into a a specific plan. ( http//faculty. tamu-commerce. edu/jsun/racespaceplace. pdf) First outlined by Ebenezer Howard in To-Morrow (1898), the Garden City became a major force in the historical planning era that influenced planners world wide-eyed.According to Hall 1992 (Hall 1992b), Howard argued that a new type of garden-city settlement could uniquely combine all the advantages of the town such as employment and entrance to services, as well as the advantages of country life, without any of the disadvantages of either. His proposal for creating such a settlement rest on the notion of decentralization, the movement of workers and their places of employment away from the city and into the new settlements isolated by wide greenbelts. Howard proposed the development of numerous Garden Cities, each with 30,000 inhabitants.Despite wide support from planners of the time, only two attempts were made at garden cities, Letchworth in 1903 and Welywyn in 1920, both of which never fully realized the goals of the movement. Mordernist Planning The glad City As the world entered the 20th century, planning philosophies evolved further. In Europe, Swiss-born architect Charles Edouard Jenneret, known as Le Corbusier, put forward radical planning proposals, which built on the ideas of Howard and his p redecessors. Le Corbusiers ideas and philosophies are contained in The City of tomorrow (1922) and The Radiant City (1933).These books outlined Le Courbuisers planning philosophies, centered around the idea of high density achieved through the construction of enormous skyscrapers, surrounded by open garden spaces and serviced by a highly efficient transport system of superhighways and railways grade separated from the inhabited realm (Hall 1993c). His proposals for a large-scale implementation of this phisosophy, outlined in his Plan Voisin Pour Paris, were never realized, though his ideas were implemented at a smaller scale around Europe in the postwar period following man War II, such as the Unite dHabitation in Marseilles.By the 1960s many planners began to question the effectualness of Le Corbusiers proposals (Hall 1992d), and today many critics condemn his plans entirely, such as such as Dalrymple 2009 who views them as soulless and totalitarian in nature. However, it cannot be denied that his radical ideas had a major and lasting squeeze on the evolution of town and country planning (Hall 1992e). The Broadacre City While Le Corbusier was a proponent of density, American architect Frank Lloyd Wright was not. The two men were influenced by many of the same sources, but their visions were very different.highly-developed mingled with 1932 and 1959, Broadacre City was a proposal for a sprawling city of large lots, farms and industry counterpane across the countryside serviced by network of superhighways (Brown 2007) While it was never built, Todays critics have drawn parallels between it and the sprawling sub-urban expansion that defined the postwar reconstruction period in Australia and around the world. Postmodernist Planning Suburbia Thompson (2007) asserts that the postwar reconstruction of the 1950s linked town and country planning with housing concerns to an point not seen since plannings beginnings in the 19th century.In Australia, master plans w ere created for cities, all of which reflected international planning philosophies of the time (Thompson 2007), supporting unlimited outward expansion, low-density residential development, car-oriented transport networks. In North America, this evolution was even more pronounced. Similar suburban developments were created, but on an unprecedented scale, with approximately 75 part of North American housing stock built since World War II (Hirch 1983). These planning practices keep unabated until the 1970s, when the effects of this planner began to be questioned (Thompson 2007).New Urbanism The end of the 20th century has seen the beginnings of yet another(prenominal) stage in the evolution of Town and Country Planning. Originating in the 1980s, New Urbanism is a planning philosophy that promotes the construction of dense communities integrated with well-designed public spaces (Maginn 2011). According to Hikichi 2003, It promotes mixed residential unit types that are ancillary of di ffering income levels, protection of the environment, less reliance on automobiles through he use of walking and bicycles for transport as well as the development of public transit and transit oriented development.In addition, New Urbanism supports having a town center that is within walking distance from all residential units that open space for public use. Conclusion It is clear that Town and Country Planning has a long and complex history, influenced by changing social, political, economic and environmental philosophies of both governments and private companies and planners. From its beginnings in 19th century Britain, through its modernist period and into its contemporary postmodernist phase, planning has left both negative and positive impacts upon the urban environment.However, this history has not been do by and planners of today utilize the lessons learnt from the planners of the past in order to plan as well as possible, as shown in the positive changes to planning practi ces as it has evolved. All approaches to planning have had a permanent impact on our urban environment, the results of which impact people today and will continue to do so into the future.

Crips Essay Example for Free

Crips tasteNot whole in the past reasonable in today society the term crew is a hard word to define, because No two factions argon alike (Mays Winfree, 2006, 313) The National Institute of rightness report adopted the the definition of street cliques as groups of y byhs and young swelleds who prevail engaged in a sufficient amount of antisocial activity to warrant attention by the unlawful rightness system. owever to bring in on to that definition, the law enforcement uses the definition an ongoing, organized association of three or more persons, whether formal or informal, who cast off a common name or common signs, excuses, or symbols, and pieces or associates who individu totallyy or collectively engage in or have engaged in criminal activity. However when talk ab verboten gang ups you need to be specific in which gang you argon talk to the highest degree because thither are oer hundreds roughly the world.With that macrocosm said this paper will be g iving data about the gang Crip. To give more insight on the Crip gang, you should go to sleep that they consist primarily of black males, and according to the NDIC in that location are approximately 35,000 members without the get together States. But in 1970 the gang was constituted in Los Angeles, California by two men Raymond Lee Washington, and Stanley Tookie Williams, before they were expanding around the United States. distant normal citizenry who work the gang gets its income by doing illegal crimes. The Crip gang members are re indueed by the color blasphemous, on that point style, and some of the symbols they make with thither hands. When m any(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) gang member get caught they all go through different procedures through the juvenile system because not all crimes are modulate on the same actions. Even though on that point are many minorities that make up the Crip gang such as Hispanics, Caucasians, Asians, Afri bunghole Americ ans, and former(a)s the group is primarily made up with African Americans.With all of the minorities attack together and joining along in the gang on that point are approximately 35,000 members through out the United States. With those considers being so high, it is in any exemplar said to be that there are around 400 different Crip sets throughout the United States,(P. O. I. G) and when I say different Crip sets I am talking about how they like to be referred to by their geographical names such as the Inglewood Crips or the vacuum-clean Crips, and further by their set names such as the GrapeStreet Watts Crips or the Rolling 60s Crips. When they call themselves by there geographical name it does not mean that they are not in the crip gang that makes up the United states it is basicly just saying that is where they come from and how the group likes to be recognized as. Just like how many other things start, the gang was made up of individuals. Founder Raymond Lee Washington who was fifteen at the sentence and Co-founder Stanley Tookie Williams. Stanley Williams joined because he was not old enough to join in the Panther movement in the 60s so he decided he wanted to take what he had learned, regarding manage of neighborhoods, and start his own.That is just what the young boy did to. Both boys were from the Los Angeles, California area. Eventually gathering more mickle to join and the list started to add up of members day by day. Many members did not go by there first name and they all had nicknames or also known as street names. The briny reason to start the group was to protect their neighborhood and act like community leaders. Many people got the same idea and started to have a copycat affect and decided to call themselves the crips too.However on a real note you could tell they were copycats because they would fashion themselves by regional cultural indicators that have vigor to do with Los Angeles. (Crip Gang. Internet 4) Like mentioned previou s in this essay we talked about Geographical names, some of the avocation below East Side Crips, Compton Crips, West Side Crips, Avalon Garden Crips, 43rd Street Crips, Harlem Crips, Hoover Crips, Inglewood Crips, and Grandee Crips should be added to the list. (Crip Gang. Internet 4) Both men Washington, and Williams passed forth and the gangs kept rising and becoming bigger.The men both passed away from different incidents, Washington passed away on August 9, 1979 by a former gang member because of a verbal dispute. Williams on the other hand did not pass away until the later years of 2005 when he was fifty one years old. Before he passed away he was currently on death row at San Quentin for murder. Well like unlike many normal people who worked for there money legally, the gang did it in an illegal manner hoping to make it day by day risking there lives and familys lives.Although there family members might not of been in he gang they would be the first people targeted at when that family member in the gang messed up. Gang members are known to do anything from uncountable murders, assaults, the gang is involved in drug trafficking, racketeering, extortion, murder, prostitution and robbery,(P. O. I. G) drive-by shootings, graffiti, and violent takeover bank robberies. Most of the gangs murders involve disputes over territory and drugs. One they have done all of the above and havent gotten caught they continue to do it and risk there lives and others. However afterwards selling drugs, and participating in the other illegal acts the money adds up where they whence can afford to purchase expensive cars, watches, and clothes Like any other type of gang or club there is always a symbol that the group goes by, and in this situation there are a select few important ones that should be talked about. There is anything from the color clothes, hand signals, and how they dance.The color that crips like to go by are shades of blues. However the Grape Street Crips in Watts and raw(a) Jersey wear the color purple. There style of clothes is just like any other young grown would wear jeans, t-shirt, sweat shirts, sneakers, polo and a hat. However many of them wear a blue rag or handkerchief as an identity item. Another type of symbol the gang likes to go by are the hand signals that they throw up at others or even each other. just about symbols they like to go by are making the letter C(P.O. I. G) with there hands, this means Crip up, and Crippin. (P. O. I. G. )Not only do they make the letter C save they are also aware of making the garner BK which stand for their status as ancestry killers. They talk about livestock killers because the gang blood is one of there biggest rivals. They are also known for the symbols they make in graffiti the gang is also known to replace the letter B with the letter C in writings, and go by the half-dozen pointed star which represents Life, Loyalty, Love, Knowledge, Wisdom, and Understanding. The thing that gets me most about this is how they may be loyal to there gang but what about others? They are out there killing and breaking the law for no reason they dont know what any of the things they preach mean Above it stated that they talk about blood killers because the gang blood is one of there biggest rivals. Just like the Crip gang the Blood gangs have symbols and identifiers that they go by so you know whos gang they belong to. Unlike the crips that wear blue and use the C in stick gestures the bloods like to wear red, usually a bright color.Not only to they wear read but they make a hand gesture. One of there most common gestures in spelling out the word blood with there fingers. When crips and bloods get together they will fight and fight untill one at long exit wins. In todays society all cases are looked upon differently, which basicly gets down to how each case gets ran through the juvenile justice system. Many people think that children can not be charged as adults th rough the system, save Today, all states allow juveniles to be tried as adults in criminal courts in one of quaternity ways. (Siegel, 2001, 466)The four ways that a youth can be tried as an adult would be through direct file wavier, excluded offense wavier, judicial wavier, and reverse waiver. A direct file wavier, is were the public prosecutor has the discretion of filling charges for certain legislatively designated offenses in any juvenile or criminal court. somewhat 15 states have this provision. (Siegel, 2001, 466) The excluded offense waiver, states laws exclude from juvenile court jurisdiction certain offenses that are either very monor, such as traffic or fishing violations, or very thoughtful, such a murder. close 29 states now have sch laws for certain crimes. (Siegel, 2001, 466) Believe it or not but after doing some more research I stumbled upon some shocking news about juveniles. Which was a retell that I found stating that After all, juveniles commit almost 9 pe rcent of all the murders in the United States and about 15 percent of all rapes(Siegel, 2001, 451) Last but not least the judicial wavier comes into toy after a formal hearing at which both prosecutor and defense attorney present evident, a juvenile court umpire may decide to waive jurisdiction and transfer the case to criminal court.This procedure is also known as binding over or certifying juvenile cases to criminal court. (Siegel, 2001, 467) Then lastly there is the reverse wavier, which states laws mandate that certain offenses be tried in adult court. Once the case is heard in the adult court, the trial judge may decide that the offender would be better served by the juvenile court and format a reverse waiver. About 25 states have this provision for certain circumstances. (Siegel, 2001, 467) With that being said you know how juveniles can be tried through the adult system, but did you know that The problem of youths processed in adult courts is a serious one.About 8,000juven ile delinquency cases are now being transferred to the adult courts each year. Supporters view the waiver process as a sound method of getting the most serious juveniles offenders off the street. (Siegel, 2001, 467) Even though trieing youths as adults is now aloud many people think that it does more harm then it does good. If you think about it they are right, because now juveniles will be in cells with adults were they can be targets of the adult predators. Youths held in adults prisons and jails are five times likely to be victims of attempted sexual attacks or rapes that those held in juvenile institutions. (Siegel, 2001, 467) excessively not only will they be victims of attacks but it also states that The suicide rate for juveniles in adult prisons and jails is nearly eight times higher than that for juveniles in youth detention centers. (Siegel, 2001, 467) Just like any other crime probation can always be a type of punishment to depending on how serious the crime was. Probat ion is a sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the superintendence of the court (in the person of a probation officer),subject to certain conditions for a specified time.The conditions are usually similar to those of parole. (Siegel, 2001, 336) Probation moreover can be revoked just as quick as the person was put on it. If you pasture brake the probation rules, or commit another crime you will be put back into a prison in most instances. In todays society there are approximately four million people on probation. However if there was not probation facilities would be even more overcrowded then they already are. If no(prenominal) of the above programs work they can be charged as a Juvenile delinquent as well. It basicly would all be based on what the crime did and how big of a crime it was.Each judge is going to have a different outlook on the situation. Not only will they have a different outlook on the situation but another t hing that plays a study factor is weather or not you have been caught before for doing a crime. If you were caught before for oing a crime, or something else that was illegal that could affect the way you are charged through the system. Below I would like to talk about some of the reasons people join gangs and some of the things that people need to do in order to be accepted into the gang.Some kids join gangs because they need to feel acceptance, excitement, to earn money, peer pressure, protection, to socialize and etcetera (S. A. P. D) If kids have nothing better to do or dont feel like they mean anything at understructure they are going to find mischief to get into because one way or another someone will notice them. Many minority groups have this problem because there family members have a uncompromising time trying to live so they work alot and try to make money to support there familys. In situations like that though it pushes the child away because there is never anyone around.Then they go prove and find other kids with the same problem and they become a family. Its not as simple as it sounds to get into a gang. Not every gang is the same but some of the ways you can enter into a gang is by being rolled in also known as jumped in, quoted, lined in, then there are ways like being courted in, walked in, sexed in, and commit crimes. universe rolled in means usually consists of the recruit having to fight 3 or more members of the gang for a specified amount of time.The time limit is different from gang to gang, but usually last somewhere between 15 seconds and 1 minute. The reason for the beating is to see how tough the recruit is and if he is a fighter. (S. A. P. D. ) Courted in is were, sometimes and individual is asked to join a gang without going through any initiation. (S. A. P. D) If you are offered a spot in a gang like this that usually mean that you have something the gang wants rather it be talent, or special connections.Being walked in means that you can just join it is very similar to being courted in. Sexed in is as bad as it sounds, being sexed in means female recruits are required to roll 2 dice. Whatever number is thrown is the number of gang members the recruit has to have sex with. Lastly committing crimes is pretty self informative and means that you have to commit special crimes in order for them to see what you can do and if you are talented enough to do it without getting caught.

Carrots Essay Example for Free

Carrots EssayCarrots is a prow vegetable that originated in Afghanistan over 5000 years past for there seeds and leaves. But today cultivated carrots are enjoyed for their fresh delicious flavours coming in all shapes and sizes in a variation of different colours like orange, red, yellow, purple, and white. Carrots can be purchased in all kinds of forms shredded, fry carrot, diced, sliced, regular size with leaf on or leaf off. Carrots can be stored in the fridge for up to 3 months but to prevent spoilage remove green leaves because the leaves draw moisture from the root causing carrots to dry out. Also carrots should be stored away from apples because they give off ethylene gas which causes carrots to start bitter. Purchasing carrots from the grocery store should be dried off if they are wet and tightly sure in a plastic bag, what this does is it increases the nutrition value. Carrots contain B-carotene (a source of vitamin A), also it has fibres, anti-oxidants, minerals, c alcium, potassium, magnesium, vitamins C,K and B6, also carrots helps improve shopping center sight, skin nourishment, hair growth, and reduces the risk of heart disease, and cancer.Carrots have many alternative ways they can be used like chopped for mirepoix, blended for drinks, boiled for soups stews, fried for stir fry, steamed for side dishes, gratered for carrot cake, beauty remedies for hair skin, or simply eaten raw. There are many recipes for carrots like carrot cake, bright carrots, or ginger carrot soup. References www. carrotmuseum. com. uk www. foodnetwork. com / www. marthastewart. com (recipes)

School Rules Essay Example for Free

School Rules Essay1. Silence must be observed a) As the first bell rings b) When coming into and leading out from the place where worship or accumulation is conducted. c) When teachers enter the classroom. 2. Quiet talking is allowed between lessons, by and by a teacher has left a classroom. 3. solar day scholars should leave the work as soon as shoal closes unless they atomic number 18 staying for games or extra lessons. 4. earn of excuse for absence etc. should be addressed to the Principal. Those should be handed to the Class Teacher who leave behind pass then on to the Office. 5.No day scholar may bring books or magazines to condition without permission. 6. No day scholar may carry letters or messages for boarders without special permission from the Principal. 7. No day scholars may go to a dormitory or the refectory without permission. 8. Girls taken ill during school hours are to be taken up to the sick room or dispensary and the Office informed. 9. Borrowing wit hout permission is stringently forbidden. 10. No student may take part in any public stage, televised or separate show or advertisement without the prior written permission of the Principal.11. Birthday parties are not allowed during school hours, but a birthday cake ONLY may be shared with the class after obtaining prior permission from the Principal. 12. The Prefects are responsible for the general tidiness of the school buildings and have the authority to introduce discipline. 13. Only presents of flowers may be given to members of the staff. 14. Visiting shops or homes of friends during school hours or in the ply of extra curricular activities after school or in between examinations is strictly forbidden. 15.The uniform includes the school tie, white socks and black leather shoes. Girls are permitted to get around white canvas shoes. Girls are expected to wear a petticoat, or a vest and underskirt and have their uniforms at a reasonable length. fuzz must be neat and tidy. G irls wearing their hair short can use clips (black). Those who have berm length hair must tie it back with a ribbon. Those having longer hair should plait their hair. gum elastic pins on belts, front and side openings of the uniform should not be used A small cope with of gold ear studs may be worn. Gypsy earrings are not permitted.

Electronic Road Pricing for traffic congestion Essay Example for Free

electronic Road determine for affmelodic phrase all over-crowding EssayIntroduction genius of the or so problems today is the art congestion that we experience in the large urban amount of m unityy. We feel that it is a business organization during our journey and it gave us a lot of negative effects. Traffic congestion is a condition on passageway ne cardinalrks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip eons, and increased vehicular queuing. The most common example is the physical use of high streets by vehicles. When job demand is great exuberant that the inter process between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in some congestion. As demand approaches the capa city of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles ar fully stopped for periods of duration, this is colloqui wholey know as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic congestion mass collar to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage. If you live in a large city or any argona where in that respect are lots of commuters on the road, then you are in all likelihood familiar with the effects of traffic congestion. What you may not realize is the extent of the effects heavy traffic congestion can have.This gridlock can have a tremendous impact on your personal life, career, your future and even your safety. Finding a solution to traffic congestion could mean a vast receipts in the quality of life in your area. One example of a large city is the city of manilla paper, this city listed in the journal as the 75th most densely universe of discourse urban center with 14,400 people per square kilometer in a total land area of 1,437 square kilometers. If the population increase also the lean of cars increases. The city is notorious for its traffic mess, especially since traffic laws are all but ignored, and a clean driving record is a bribe away. Gettin g stuck on Manilas roads is one very unpleasant experience. During great deal hour, traffic in the main thoroughfares in Manila slows to a crawl, and an accident can cause gridlock for hours. Because of this traffic the drivers, commuters and early(a) people that is belong to the traffic experiencing a negative effect and there are the followe Traffic congestion has a number of negative effectsWasting time of automobilists and passengers (opportunity personify). As a non-productive activity for most people, congestion reduces regional economic health. Delays, which may result in late arrival for employment,meetings, and education, resulting in lost business, disciplinary action or other personal losses. Wasted fuel increasing air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions owing to increased idling, acceleration and braking. Wear and tear on vehicles as a result of idling in traffic and frequent acceleration and braking, leading to ofttimes frequent repairs and replacements. Emerge ncies blocked traffic may hinder with the passage of emergency vehicles acting to their destinations where they are urgently needed.Manual remunerative of toll is also a cause of traffic and wasting time for the motorist and passengers. . The following is the negative effect of manual giveing of roads toll1. Wasting time for the motoristIt is wasting time because the motorist stops to pay their toll manually at the toll booth.2. Cause of trafficSometimes the number of vehicles increases thats wherefore it testament be the cause of traffic.3. Errors because of the toll collectorThe collector experiences some drop awayor in pass judgment the toll from the motorists. One good example is when they paid with the big amount of money then the collectors do not have enough money to change it.IDEABecause of the traffic, motorist and passengers suffer their times and the air is polluted, the solution now is here, it can serve well to minimize traffic.Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) is an electronic arranging of road pricing. It uses a dedicated short-range radio communication arranging to deduct ERP scuds from smart- fluffs inserted in the in-vehicle units of vehicles apiece time they pass a pricing point when the system is in surgical operation. The pay-when-you-use principle helps make motorist more than aware of the true cost of driving. This way, road engagement can be optimized. The ERP system has third major chemical groups of components.The first centered on the IU and the stored- treasure smart-card. While the IU was produced specifically for the ERP system, the smart-cards were marketed by a consortium of local banks for multiple uses. Different IUs were produced for different classes of vehicles, with each type distinguished by different colors. The game group of components comprises those installed at the on-site ERP gantries.These include the antennae, the vehicle detectors and the enforcement camera system. All these are linked to a rest raint at each of the site. Data collected is transmitted back to the restraint Centre continuously by leased telephone lines. The third group of components is at the Control Centre, and includes unhomogeneous servers, monitoring systems as comfortably as a master-clock to ensure that the timing at all the ERP gantries is synchronized. All the financial transactions are processed here, before being send to the banks for settlement. In increase, violation come acrosss are processed at the Control Centre, and letters are gulled and sent out from here to all the offenders.What are the purposes of Electronic Road Pricing?Aim is to charge vehicles for the use of the road at times and at places of congestion For congestion attentionNot for raising revenueEvery entry or pass below a carry point is automatically super charged a fee The implementation of electronic road pricing system will be one of the solutions to motorist who had to deal with the inconvenience of slowing down ve hicle and bend down windows when paying tolls. It is so convenient and efficient motorist is not required to slowdown when the exceedingly the ERP gantries. The Electronic road pricing system to be installed for the congested area can reduce the traffic and thus easing overall traffic congestion. Replacing the existing toll collection system to more advance technology, the ERP system, is some other way to advancement of a country. What is Electronic road pricing?Electronic road pricing system (ERP) is simply an electronic system of road pricing. It is designed to automate our current road pricing system with no more paper coupons or enforcement officer at gantries. The system is a dedicated short range radio communication system. The ERP consist of four main components 1. The In vehicle Unit (IU)2. The Cash card3. ERP gantries or admit points4 .The central estimator systemThe IU is an electronic device installed in the vehicle that communicates with the gantry point equipmen t and accepts a property card for payment of ERP charges. each(prenominal) unique number is tied to the registration number of the vehicle to which it is attached. The cash card is a stored value of ERP payment. It is called the smart card is reusable and can topped up.It is easy and convenient to use. The scheme consists of ERP gantries located at all roads. They are also located along the expressways and arterial roads with heavy traffic to reject tradition during gush hours. The gantry system is actually a system of sensors on 2 gantries, one in front of the other. Cameras are also attached to the gantries to capture the rear license plate poesy of vehicles.There are different IUs for different classes of vehicles i.e. for cars, taxis, light good vehicles, heavy good vehicles, buses, motorcycles and exempted vehicles such as fire engines, ambulances and police cars. This is essential because the ERP charges are different for classes. The IUs are color coded so that illegal substitution of IUs between different classes of vehicles will e discourage. Data is transferred from the local controller to central computer. The central computer system is the control room monitors the traffic network and equipment. There it records all ERP transactions, faults in the equipment and digital image of violating vehicles. The functional requirements of electronic road pricing system are 1. It should be multi lane system with no booths2. There would be no manual payment.3. There would be no need to slowdown at ERP gantry points.4. There is a possibility that more than one vehicle passing simultaneously under the entry point. 5. Vehicle could travel at speed of more than limited speed.The ERP system is designed to be simple and easy to understand. The IU is capable of doing self diagnostics on itself and on the cash card when the card is first inserted. There are a number of icons that appear on the liquid crystal display display to sight errors. When the cash car d balance is low, there will be a low balance power icon on the LCD display. Furthermore, when the IU with a low cash card goes under an ERP point, there would be continuous long beepto remind the driver to top up his card before the side by side(p) journey.Violations of the ERP systemA massive campaign needs to be implemented prior to the implementation of ERP to determine motorists how to use the system and avoid violations. There are three types of violations 1. There is mainly no IU2. No cash card3. Insufficient balance in the cash cardTo ensure the system can run smoothly and efficiently, service and teaching must be provided to the mankind in the beginning. In addition to the ERP hotlines, brochures, exhibitions, radio and television talk show. Strong marketing campaign is essential to explain the benefits and costs, the financial, efficiency lawfulness effects of ERP. Achievement of ERPThe ERP rates are to be such that there is neither congestion nor underutilization of t he roads. Hence, we are aiming to lick the roads within arrange of speeds at the upper end of the traffic level of services. In addition, ERP would be an effective mean to mange future congestion and maintain average road speed during peak hours by diverting private vehicles trips to unexclusive transmitation or non peak travel time under various pricing and traffic growth scenarios. Main Objective of ERPToll is collected before come in the zone. Charges will be levied on a perpass basis and can vary fit in to time and congestion levels. With ERP, motorists will be aware of the true cost of driving. With this system of charging, a motorist will be encouraged to choose whether to drive, when and where to drive. He may choose a different route, destination, time of travel or decide to use public transport. By doing this, it will reduced traffic congestions. Benefits of ERPThe transport operation benefits relate to reduced vehicular traffic, particularly during congested periods, reduced travel times, and increased public transport use and higher car and taxi occupancy. The environmental benefits involve reduced vehicle emissions and reduced word picture to trafficnoise inside the charging zone. However, the environmental conditions of other areas may witness some deterioration repayable to the overall redistribution of traffic. ERP therefore can assist in the overall improvement to the environment, but is not the fix solution to the complex issue of air quality and noise abatement. If ERP is to be used to meet environmental objectives, further studies will need to be conducted to define the parameters, benchmarks and related implementation details.ImplementationHow does ERP works?1. When the motorist inserts a cash card into the IU, it checks the health of the IU and cash card. If everything is in order, there will be a short beeping sound and the cash balance of the cash card will be shown on the backlit LCD display of the IU for few seconds. A green l ight emitting diode (LED) will light up on the IU and remain lit until the cash card is removed. If the system is not working when the cash card is inserted into the IU. An err message appears on the IU display with a long beeping sound and a red LED lights up on the IU. In such cases, one or more of the small icons may also be shown on the display to indicate the type of e.g. Cash card error, and low Cash card balance. some other indication of improper system is a blank display. 2. At the ERP control point, the first gantry recognizes the aim of an IU and its class and instructs it to debit the cash card with appropriate amount.This amount is determined from table of prevailing charges for the various classes of vehicle loaded into the outstation by the central computer. Between the first and second from gantries, the IU debits this amount from the cash card. If the debiting is successful, the second gantry queries the IU and then gets such confirmation. The driver hears a short beat and cops the new cash card balance on the IU display.3. If the IU is unable to deduct because of an error in the system or there is no cash card (or n invalid card) or insufficient balance in the cash card to meet the amount, the driver hears a long beep sees a red LED on the IU and err appears on the IU display with an error, the driver may also hear the long beep and see a blank display on the IU.4. Meanwhile, the vehicle presents detector detects the passage of a vehicle.The antenna at the gantries, the vehicle presents detector and the IU together with the logic in the localcontroller decide whether a masterly successful transaction has been made.5. If not, there has been a violation or an error. The cameras are instructed to take a scene of the rear license plate of the offending vehicle.6. Violations are committed by vehicles that have no IU, no cash card or an insufficient balance in the cash card to meet the cost of the passing under the ERP gantry. Errors occur whe n there is a faulty IU, no power to the IU from the vehicle battery, faulty cash card and partial communications between the IU and the antenna.7. When a photograph is taken, attaches information on why it was taken so that technical errors and violations are differentiated. Errors do not result in prosecution of the motorist.8. The information from the outstation on successful transaction, violation and error records and the photograph are sent periodically by telephone lines to the control center. Another control center monitors the state of all outstation equipment.Publication of Electronic Road PricingImplementation of ERP will not be possible without a general public consensus on the objectives and principles of the proposal. There will likely be public resistance to ERP arising from suspicion about the governments motive, the reluctance to accept new initiatives and road users resentment about the imposition of new charges.A well-planned and executed public consultation progr ammed to demonstrate how ERP works and to allow public input into the development of system objectives can parent awareness of the ERP system as a measure to relieve traffic congestion and develop grounds in the community for its possible introduction.It is recommended that a public consultation programmed be initiated to increase public arrest of the traffic congestion problem and to encourage public discussion of possible use of restraint measures and alternate(a) solutions including ERP. The public should be consulted specifically on the acceptable traffic speeds.IU Fitting ProgramThere were two major program launched prior to the start of the ERP. The first was the installation of IUs on the 680,000 eligible vehicles while thesecond was on publicity, to get motorists and motorcyclists aware and ready for the ERP system. The IU naming program took 10 months, starting from September 1997. The 680,000 vehicles that were authorization users of the ERP system were grouped into batches, and owners of each batch were invited to have IUs fitted at one of the 200 authorized IU fitting centers.This was spread out over the 10-month period, so that there will be no last-minute rush to fit IUs. To encourage vehicle owners to keep to the schedule, the IUs were given away at no cost to them if they had their IU fitted during the allocated time period. Otherwise, a charge of S$150 was payable. The fitting of IUs onto vehicles was not compulsory it was left very much to the individual to decide. Nevertheless, at the end of the IU fitting program, about 98% of the registered vehicles were fitted with IUs.Publicity ProgramPublicity was another important aspect and this started even before the start of the IU fitting program and was in place for more than a year, all the way up to and beyond the launch date of the ERP system. All vehicle owners were sent brochures, detailing the ERP system, how it works and the differences between that and the then working ALS/RPS. Adv ertisements were also placed in the print media as well as on television to drum up awareness of the new road pricing system. An important awareness and confidence building program was the test phase all the ERP gantries were switched on and working.The only differences were that the message on the ERP gantries read On Test instead of In Operation, and that the ERP charge was set to zero. This allowed motorists to test their IUs and to experience the ERP charging process. One of the differences between the ERP and the then ALS/RPS pointed out in the publicity program was that, unlike the latter, the ERP system imposes a charge each time a vehicles passes through the control point. In the ALS/RPS schemes, the fee payable was a daily charge that allowed the vehicle to make oceanic number of passing for that day. Conclusion(Electronic) Toll Collection may become an increasing important pawn within the big bundle of measures for regional demand and traffic management. The ERP system provides a targeted solution for congestionpricing by allowing the authorities to pin-point specific congested spots and vary the congestion charge according to prevailing traffic conditions. Therefore, the charges can either increase or decrease according to the demand of usage of the priced-road or expressway, which is reviewed quarterly. By pricing congested stretches, ERP system helps to moderate and spread out vehicle usage for optimal usage of the road network by encouraging motorists to consider alternatives.These would include using other routes to arrive at their destinations, travelling during the off-peak periods, switching to public transport or car-pooling. The ERP system has been effective in managing traffic congestion and resulted in traffic speeds remaining within the optimal speed range. However, the ERP system cannot operate in silo and has to work in tandem with vehicle ownership control measures, increasing and optimizing road capacity, as well as encouraging mo torists to shift to public transport to maintain a smooth-flowing road network. As congestion becomes increasingly pervasive, it would not be practical to continue erecting physical gantries to address the congestion problem. In addition, the ERP charges imposed at discrete gantry points also lead to undesirable consequences e.g. congestion spills over to nearby minor roads in residential areas, thus leading to localized congestion.This would be a more equitable and economically efficient system than the current point charging system where motorists are charged based on the number of gantries they drive through rather than distance travelled on a congested road. Furthermore, motorists who join a congested road after the gantry points are not charged even though they also contribute to the congestion of the road. It can help to minimize traffic, this is the way to help motorist to avoid wasting time. They can arrive on time on their business and the other things. It can also help to reduce air pollution to avoid the negative effects of world health and also in our environment.Electronic Road Pricing

Questions and Answers on Intermolecular Forces Essay Example for Free

Questions and Answers on Intermolecular Forces EssayIntermolecular forces indite response Hexane and Water do not mix. When the ii spunks are combined they separate into layers in the resembling manner oil and water do. Explain why this is? Well to begin with this, these two things are very(prenominal) dissimilar. Water is considered polar and secondly hexane is considered non-polar. Polar and non-polar cannot mix together they are to different substances. Polar solutes leave dissolve in polar solvents and non-polar solutes ordain dissolve in non-polar solvents, this is where the expression like dissolves like comes from. When theses two substances are combined they form different layers and this is because hexane is denser then water. Another very important causal agency to record is that water is only soluble with nitrogen, fluorine, and oxygen. These two blands are said to be immiscible. Water and oil will not mix for the same reason water is polar and oil is non-pol ar and for the same exact reason they are not mixable in a solution. Methane, ammonia and water are chemically similar. to that degree the three substances piddle very different boiling points. Explain why this is true? This is due to the adhere between the molecules.The stronger they are the hotter you must make the liquid to cause it to boil. Intermolecular forces are the forces between the molecules of a substance. If a substance has very strong intermolecular forces, it is likely to be a solid, and if it has very wonky intermolecular forces it is more likely to be a gas, and this is because there would be less attraction among the molecules (strong intermolecular force=more attraction between molecules). As you know, when you boil something, you are changing it from a liquid to a gas which means you would want to decrease the attraction among the molecules of the substance by adding energy.If a substance has intermolecular forces that are stronger, you would need more energy to overcome the forces which means it would have a high boiling point (higher boiling point=higher temperature=more heat=more energy). The opposite is too true. If a substance has weaker intermolecular forces, less energy is required to decrease the attraction among the molecules and therefore it would have a lower boiling point. Ammonia and water have higher boiling points due to total heat bonding. Methane has a low boiling point because it belongs to the weakest London dispersion forces.

The Theme and Narrative Elements Essay Example for Free

The Theme and Narrative Elements Es labelThe stage of The Welcome Table by Alice Walker (1970), theme tells the story of an old black woman key Clara Ward, who worked as a slave for the whites the majority of her life fourth dimension, who knows the feeling or fears of being an aged black woman, alone(predicate) and no longer had a use or a purpose in her life. I say this because it was mentioned at the beginning of the story, and mist of the story the whites were not accepting of her, and at the end the black see her in the streets walkway in the cold and offered her no assistance, Every story narrows a broad implicit in(p) idea, shapes it in a unique way, and makes the underlying idea concrete. Thats how theme is created. In other words, the theme in a story is a representation of the idea behind the story (Clugston, 2010). Points of view, Tones, settings The setting of this story seems as though it takes place during the progressive era, during the age of segregation or the end of slavery in the U.S. My intimacy of this was gathered when Clara stumbled into a white church, and the pastor of the church told her she was in the white church, and the message was also blow over to me when she was asked by the usher with blond hair to leave the church, and told her she needed to go to Your Church. Alice Walker the former set the story up in a fashion that named jobs or roles the old lady compete as a house slave, this was another view point of her from the white church people, the pastor of the church called her his aunt (she helped raise him), and the usher in the church called her grandmother (she helped raise him).See more how to setoff a narrative essayThe old lady in the story began to fall ill walking in the cold weather, and she began to imagine an experience with the Nazarene she sees the render of a Jesus who was white, the same image that was white, the same image that was on the picture she took from a white woman she use to work for (Clara hoped that Jesus would over look that). Clara had a vision of herself walking and talking with Jesus, who she loved and trusted all her days and she was able to tell Jesus, how the white people mis case-hardened her, through her life, and shortly after she pasted on to heaven. The narrative expression in the story spoke of details explaining the old ladies appearance, the wording pictured her as poor, and did the best she could when it came to her appearance, and the narrator told the story as if we were in her shoes, making me as a reader to pick out pity on the old lady.The narration also expressed the fact that Ms. Clara the old woman was a former slave who raised a generations of white children, who grew to be adults and they still showed her little to no delight in (underlying theme) Where they should have been very appreciative, but because this was a time of segregation in the United states, a time when the whites and blacks live separate lives. Clara still praised Jesus in the white church, the Jesus who she knows as white, she never helpless her faith, but the white people in the church who knew her kicked her out of the church, they unknowingly contributed to her losing her life. Clara died in the same she was treated in life cold and alone. ReferenceAlice Walker (1970). The Welcome Table (Short story) Literary Cavalcade, Vol. 55 let go 5, p32 Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into Literature. San Diego, CA. Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Stereotypes in the Classroom Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes in the Classroom strainPage 1 If Americans are to embrace diversity, the conscious and unconscious expressions of racism (sexism) within our society moldiness be identified and done away with. Teachers must prepare themselves and the peasantren for the ever changing challenge of interacting and communication with diverse races. Reduction of fear, ignorance, and personal detachment are possible benefits to a multicultural education ( (Wilson). multicultural education is the potential catalyst to bring all races together in harmony.Educators today have a moral responsibility to move beyond the limits of racial context to a social context that embraces adult male without barriers and fear. The responsibility of teachers is to get to know the children and the families that will be entering the program. Classrooms need to reflect every child and every family in the class. Do not puff assumptions of what a childs ethnic background signal is. This is putting a stereo type as to what you think of that culture. Get to know the children so that you can respectfully and accurately reflect them, their families and their lifestyles in the classroom ( (York, 2003).Children should feel like they belong in the class. Teachers need to make sure that they greet each child by name as they enter the classroom at the beginning of the day and to say good bye at the end of the day. Teachers need to remember to adhere away from commercial teaching materials. Cartoon imagines inaccurately portray human beings and human diversity (York, 2003). multicultural childrens books can be used effectively as a means for coming to clear individual human stories, and the universal emotions and themes they stock.Teachers need to be careful when picking books to use in the classroom. A book may look good when you first look at it but it may contain one or more stereotypic images. Teachers need to be very critical in evaluating books that they inadequacy to use in the class room. Make sure that authors are writing fiction for young children that authenticate a cultures heritage. Wilson, K. (n. d. ). Multicultural Edcuation. Retrieved October 31, 2010, from Edchange www. edchange. org York, S. (2003). Roots Wings Affirming Culture in Early Childhood Programs. amphetamine Saddle River Pearson.

Component of Marketing Plan Essay Example for Free

Component of market send off EssayINTRODUCTION merchandise plan is the central instrument for directing and coordinating the market effort. The merchandise plan operates at two levels strategic and tactical. The strategic selling plan lays out the localise markets and the set proposition that leave be offered, based on an analysis of the best market opportunities. The tactical market plan specifies the trade tactics, including product features, promotion, merchandising, pricing, sales channels, and service. Marketing plan is a written document that summarizes what the trafficker has learned about the market place and indicates how the firm plans to reach its marketing objectives. It contains tactical guidelines for the marketing programs and financial allocation over the planning period. It is one of the close to important outputs of the marketing process. Marketing plans ar beseeming more guest and competitor oriented and better reasoned and more realistic th an in the past. Marketing planning is becoming a continuous process to respond to rapidly changing market conditions.What is a Marketing propose?A marketing plan provides direction for your marketing activities. Marketing plans need non be long or cost a lot to put together. Think of it as a road map, with detailed directions on how to get to your destination. Sure there may be a some bumps in the road, perhaps a diversion or two, but if the marketing plan is c ar in full researched, thought to the full considered and evaluated, it impart help the organization achieve its goals. The marketing plan details what you hope to accomplish with your marketing strategy and helps you meet your objectives.The marketing plan Allows the organization to look internally in parliamentary procedure to fully understand the impact and results of past marketing decisions. Allows the organization to look remotely in order to fully understand the market in which it chooses to compete. Sets futu re goals and provides direction for future marketing efforts that everyone in the organization should go steady and support. Is a key component in obtaining funding to pursue new initiatives?Components of a Marketing PlanA marketing plan consists of following components1. Executive Summary2. Situation epitome3. donkeywork outline4. Marketing Goals and Objectives5. Marketing Strategies6. Budget7. Marketing audit8. Evaluation and ControlExecutive SummaryThe executive summary is the first part of the marketing plan, but should be written after all some other parts atomic number 18 completed. It is a brief overview of the entire plan and covers only the main points. It is useful to citizenry you fire with your plan, such as investors, who may want to read a synthesized version to determine if they ar interested in it before taking the time to read it in depth. The executive summary is as well useful internally, as it helps to remind you and your employees of the organizations desired marketing goals and how to achieve them.Situation AnalysisThe situation analysis helps you to determine where your organization presently stands. It should examine whats going on outside of the organization, whats happening with consumers, and how the business is work internally.External AnalysisWhat changes atomic number 18 taking place in your city, county, state, country and around the world that could strengthly impact your business? some things to investigate are Changes in political positions and legislation at the local, state, and subject area level. Changes in applied science Trends in societys values and habits Identify competitors and list their characteristics Economic conditions node Analysis to begin with developing a marketing plan its important to find out what consumers want and how they make bribe decisions. This may require some marketing research. Think about these factors Current and potential customers Trends in consumer get habits Why do consu mers leverage this product or service? Why do others not purchase this product or service?Internal AnalysisKnowing the state of the organization and its resources helps to determine where it is vigorous and what areas need attention. Include the following in the marketing plan Current state of financial and mankind resources Anticipated state of financial and human resources Your businesss performance in relation to competitorsThe 5 Cs of Marketing mountain be summarized asCompany The product time line, experience in the market, etceteraCollaborators (or Partners) Distributors, suppliers, and alliances. These are any companies that you work with on a day to day basis to help your company run.Customers This is your market. make yourself what benefits they are looking for. What motivates them in the purchase process? Where the customer does actually purchases your product? How the product is purchased (impulse buys, internet, etc)? ensure the quantity a customer will purchase and even trends in consumer tastes.Competitors Both your actual and potential competitors and those that directly or indirectly compete with you. Understand their products, positioning, market shares, strengths and weaknesses.Climate (or Environment) These are governmental policies and regulations that touch the market. It is also the economic milieu around your company which is the business cycle, inflation rate, interest rates, and other macroeconomic regainings. Societys trends and fashions are found in the modality. The technological environment is creating new ways of satisfying needs (i.e. victimisation technology to enhance the demand for existing products).SWOT AnalysisConducting a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis is necessity in assessing the companys position and serves as a guide to developing marketing plans.Benefits of a SWOT AnalysisA SWOT analysis provides a fairly simple, low-cost way of assessing the companys position. It presen ts discipline that is important in developing business and marketing plans, as well as setting organizational goals and objectives. It tells you where the company currently sits, and where it needs to go in the future. picWhen conducting your SWOT analysis, you should Examine your companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats from a customers perspective. If youre having trouble viewing issues that way, ask customers what they think or conduct surveys. Separate internal issues from external issues. The companys strengths and weaknesses are internal opportunities and threats are external. The key test to signalise the two environments is to ask, Would this issue exist if the firm did not exist? If the answer is yes, the issue should be classified as external. somewhat things to consider about your company when determining your strengths and weaknesses are Size and financial resources Scale and cost economies Customer PerceptionsYou will probably have to do some resea rch on your competitors, your assiduity, and the environment in order to complete the opportunities and threats portion of your SWOT analysis. Here are some topics to consider Trends in the competitive environment Trends in the technological environment Trends in the sociocultural environmentOnce youve finished a SWOT analysis for your company, complicate the resulting strategy in your business and marketing plans. Some key actions to take include Transform strengths into capabilities by matching them with opportunities in the environment.ExampleStrength The company has a very businesslike order fulfillment and distribution process Opportunity There is an unfulfilled need for the companys product in other countries Capability The company is capable of distributing its products worldwide Convert weaknesses into strengths by investing strategically in key areas.ExampleWeakness Employees are not familiar with the latest technology in the companys exertion Investment The employer s ends employees to classes, workshops, and conferences Strength Employees now have inside information on cutting edge technology relevant to the industry Weaknesses that bottom of the inningnot be converted into strengths become limitations.ExampleWeakness A start-up company that has a tight distribution work out and no connections in the industry may have difficulty acquire shelf space in stores Meaning to consumers Consumers may not be able to find the companys products minimisation Allow consumers to purchase products through other channels, such as a web site or mail order catalog.Marketing Goals and ObjectivesAfter determining your companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, youll have a better idea of what marketing goals and objectives should be set. Goals are the overall accomplishments that youd like to make and objectives are benchmarks to meeting those goals. You might say that goals are more qualitative and objectives are more quantitative.For exampleM arketing Goal Increase awareness of product XCorresponding Objectives Increase last years direct mail distribution by 20% this year develop a web site for Product X by June 1st insert in five trade shows by the end of the year. Goals essential be realistic and consistent with the firms mission. Objectives moldiness be measurable and time-specific. You may also want to include the person responsible and the work out unavoidable for each objective.Marketing StrategiesIn this section, youll define your primary, secondary, and tertiary target markets and their purchasing characteristics. Next, discuss the marketing miscellany elements (product, price, distribution, and promotion) as they relate to your product or service. Some questions you may want to answer for eachtarget market includeProduct What are the features and benefits of your product? What is your competitive advantage? How will you position and differentiate your product? What complementary products are available? Wha t customer services are available?Price What are the costs associated with the product or service? What will your pricing strategy be? Will you endue discounts?Distribution Who are your suppliers and intermediaries? How will you make the product or service conveniently available to consumers? What partnerships brush aside be developed to distribute the product?Promotion Where will you advertise? What public relations activities will be involved? If you will be involved in personal selling, what is your sales strategy? What types of promotions will you run? What sponsorship opportunities are available?Setting the Promotion MixWhen deciding how to properly utilize the marketing communications mix to meet your marketing objectives, it is important to consider the relative strengths and weaknesses of each component of the mix. Further, you must always define your total budget first (generally defined in the Marketing and/or art Plan) and then decide upon the best way to leverage the different elements of the mix to maximize the return on your investment. You will balance the various parts of the mix to not only create an integrated approach to your marketing communications but you must also devote enough resources for each component to be successful. Here are some things to keep in mindpicReaches large, geographically dispersed audiences, often with mettlesome frequency Low cost per exposure, though overall costs are high Consumers perceive advertize goods as more legitimate Dramatizes company/brand Builds brand image may stimulate short-term sales Impersonal, one-way communication Expensive picMost effective tool for structure buyers preferences, convictions, and actions Personal interaction allows for feedback and adjustments Relationship-oriented Buyers are more attentive Sales force represents a long-term commitment Most expensive of the promotional tools picMay be targeted at the trade or ultimate consumerMakes use of a variety of formats premiums, coup ons, contests, etc. Attracts attention, offers grueling purchase incentives, dramatizes offers, boosts sagging sales Stimulates quick response Short-lived Not effective at building long-term brand preferences picHighly credible Very believable Many forms news stories, news features, events and sponsorships, etc. Reaches some(prenominal) prospects missed via other forms of promotion Dramatizes company or product Often the most under use element in the promotional mix Relatively inexpensive (certainly not free as many another(prenominal) people thinkthere are costs involved) picMany forms Telephone marketing, direct mail, online marketing, etc. Four distinctive characteristics Nonpublic, Immediate, Customized, Interactive Well-suited to highly-targeted marketing effortsBudget The goal of your marketing budget is to control your expenses and project your revenues. It also assists in the coordination of your marketing activities inwardly your organization. A realistic budget estab lishes a standard of performance for your actions, and communicates those standards to others responsible for implementing your marketing strategy. A well-designed budget is also a tool to keep you on target and indicate when there is needed variety of your marketing plan, especially if something goes really right or very wrong.Budgeting ApproachesWhere do you get budget verse? How do you set a budget and organize it? What are some standard ways to pulse your budget? There are several approaches you can take to create your budget. Examples of these approaches may include basing your budget on Percent of projected gross sales. Percent of past gross sales. Per unit sales. Seasonal allocation. communicate cash flow.Select a budget methodology that will work best for your business. You may want to make this choice based on how you track your sales and revenues, or based on industry standards.Marketing AuditThe Marketing Audit is committed to improving strategic decision making when companies are faced with specific business challenges. Our market research studies provide clarity and insight, often on the most important questions faced by top executives, corporate managers, and strategy professionals.Here are 10 of 25 key dimensions a marketing audit should assess1. Key factors that impacted the business for good or for bad during the past year. Including an evaluation of marketing surprisesthe unanticipated competitive actions or changes in the marketing climate that affected the performance of the marketing programs.2. The extent to which each decision in the marketing plane.g. targeting, positioning, pricing, advertising, etc.was made after evaluating many alternatives in terms of profit-related criteria.3. Marketing knowledge, attitudes, and gratification of all executives involved in the marketing function.4. The extent to which the marketing program was marketed internally and bought into by top management and non-marketing executives.5. Customer, distri butor, vendor, and intermediary satisfaction based on research among key target groups.6. The performance of advertising, promotion, sales force, and marketing research programs in terms of ROI.7. The performance of non-traditional programs, particularly digital offerings, in terms of ROI.8. Whether the marketing plan achieved its stated financial and non-financial goals and objectives.9. Which aspects of the plan that failed to meet objectives with specific recommendations for improving next years performance.10. The current value of brand and customer equity for each brand in the product portfolio.Evaluation and ControlMany business owners entomb the importance of evaluating their marketing plan. This is extremely important, because it serves as a guideline for what to do or not to do in the next marketing planning period. It is also ensures that the plan will be implemented properly. Some questions to be answered include How will employees be evaluated and compensated for their work? How can communication between employees be improved? Do the employees share the firms values? Is management committed to the implementation of the marketing plan? What can be done if the product or service does not meet performance standards? What corrections can be made if the pricing, distribution, and promotion strategies do not accomplish the marketing goals and objectives? How will marketing activities be evaluated?